Upload CSV files to add organic chemistry reactions questions
CSV should include: mode, question, options (array), answer, explanation
Detects reducing sugars in a sample using red copper
Answer: Benedict's Test
Reducing sugars are those that, in ring form, have a free hydroxyl on at least one anomeric carbon
The variable that changes the strength of relationship between two variables
Answer: Moderating Variable
The control group that receives no treatment, substance, or experimental manipulation
Answer: Negative Control
Just fyi, vehicular and placebo controls are similar to negative controls as all do not receive the treatment in the experiment (vehicular and placebo receive an inert treatment). Placebo and Vehicular controls will still administer a substance/treatment of sorts, but it will be inert, whereas negative controls do not administer anything at all.
The control group that receives an inert treatment
Answer: Vehicular Control
Vehicular is like receiving a vaccine that only has saline in it, meant to control/weed out variables pertaining to the experimental procedures themselves. A treatment is given, but it's inert.
How close the measured value is to the true or expected value
Answer: Accuracy
The control group that is controlled for psychological effects
Answer: Placebo Control
For studies like the effectiveness of painkillers, placebos can ensure that the effect the experimental group is seeing is not due to psychological effects.
Determines the type of secondary structures involved in a protein
Answer: Ramachandran Plot
The antibody that binds to the target molecule
Answer: Primary Antibody
The control group that receives the treatment with an already expected response
Answer: Positive Control
For example, if you're trying to see if a bacteria is resistant to an antibiotic, you apply the antibiotic to a strain of bacteria that you know will die in response to the antibiotic to ensure that the antibiotic is working in the first place before you apply it to the new bacteria.
Whether the results of the study are due to the variables measured and not a confounding variable
Answer: Internal Validity
If a drug that successfully lowers blood pressure is found to have no confounding variables, that means that the drug truly does directly cause the lowering of BP and has high internal validity.
How consistent the measured values are with each other
Answer: Precision
The variable that distorts the relationship between dependent and independent
Answer: Confounding Variable
A measurable signal (like fluoreschence/color/etc)
Answer: Reporter
The variable that explains the relationship between the dependent and independent
Answer: Mediating Variable
An antibody that binds to the primary antibody
Answer: Secondary Antibody
The liquid that remains above a bead after centrifugation
Answer: Supernatant
Typically the beads in a centrifuge will hold the protein of interest, the supernatant will hold everything else that we don't care about.
The variable that is measured in response to the change in another variable
Answer: Dependent Variable
Independent = changed, Dependent = measured in response to Independent changing
Identifies the primary sequence of amino acids
Answer: Edman Degradation
The bacteria present contains a thin peptidoglycan layer and two plasma membrane layers
Answer: Gram Negative (pink)
Gram Negative bacteria stain pink, have endotoxins, two layers of plasma membrane, and a thin peptidoglycan cell wall.
Determines the type of bacteria present in a sample
Answer: Gram Stains
The variable that is manipulated to see its effect on other variables
Answer: Independent Variable
Independent = changed, Dependent = measured in response to Independent changing
Measures the concentration of protein in a sample
Answer: Bradford Quantification
Uses Coomassie blue which will bind to all proteins so their concentration can be measured
Purifies a protein of interest from a solution
Answer: Immunoprecipitation
Identifies the concentration of a protein
Answer: Radioimmunoassay
The bacteria present contains a thick peptidoglycan layer and one plasma membrane layer
Answer: Grame Positive (purple)
Gram Positivebacteria stain purple, have no endotoxins, one layer of plasma membrane, and a thick peptidoglycan cell wall.
Detects reducing sugars in a sample using a silver mirror
Answer: Tollen's Test
Reducing sugars are those that, in ring form, have a free hydroxyl on at least one anomeric carbon
Whether the results of the study can be generalized to the public/population
Answer: External Validity
If a drug is only tested on 25-year-old males, it would have low external validity to the entire population of humans
Identifies the concentration of a protein
Answer: ELISA
Identifies the presence of a specific DNA strand
Answer: Southern Blotting
Southern = Specific DNA
Separates proteins based on their mass/shape/charge
Answer: Native PAGE
Identifies the functioning of a gene utilizing random mutations
Answer: In Vitro Mutagenesis
Identifies the mass of DNA or larger proteins
Answer: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Agarose is typically used for larger molecules, like DNA. Polyacrylamide (used in PAGE) is typically used for smaller molecules, like proteins.
Identifies the presence of a specific protein
Answer: Western Blotting
Measures the concentration/amount of DNA or RNA present
Answer: qPCR
Uses Reverse Transcriptase to identifiy which genes are being expressed
Answer: RT-PCR
Identifies the presence of a specific RNA strand
Answer: Northern Blotting
NortheRn = RNA
Identifies the presence of mutations in a gene
Answer: RFLP
RFLP uses restriction endonucleases to determine if mutations are present by determining if there are mutations in palindromic sequences.
Separates proteins and subunits based on their mass after breaking noncovalent interactions
Answer: Nonreducing SDS Page
Nonreducing SDS PAGE does not have a reducing agent but it does have SDS, so it will break noncovalent interactions due to SDS but will not break disulfide bonds.
Identifies the sequence of a specific strand of DNA
Answer: Sanger Sequencing
Separates proteins and subunits based on their mass after breaking noncovalent and disulfide interactions
Answer: Reducing SDS Page
Reducing agent = breaks disulfide bonds, SDS = breaks noncovalent interactions
Amplifies the number of copies of a specific DNA strand
Answer: PCR
Separates proteins based on their charge/pI
Answer: Isoelectric Focusing
Identifies whether a specific DNA/RNA sequence is present
Answer: FISH
Determines the structure of a molecule using the electron environment around Hydrogens.
Answer: H-NMR
Determines the structure of a molecule using the electron environment around Carbons.
Answer: C-NMR
Separates on the basis of polarity.
Answer: Thin-Layer Chromatography
Determines the relative acitidy or basicity of a solution (pH).
Answer: Litmus Paper
Separates on the basis of polarity.
Answer: Reverse-Phase HPLC
Separates on the basis of charge.
Answer: Anion-Exchange Chromatography
Determines the degree of conjugation in a molecule.
Answer: UV-Vis
Separates on the basis of polarity.
Answer: Gas Chromatography
Separates on the basis of miscibility in water.
Answer: Liquid Extraction
On the MCAT, you can treat miscible as polar/hydrophilic and immiscible as nonpolar/hydrophobic.
Separates on the basis of different boiling points (intermolecular interactions).
Answer: Simple Distillation
Separates on the basis of polarity.
Answer: Liquid Chromatography
Determines the 3D structure of proteins and DNA.
Answer: X-Ray Crystallography
Determines the mass of a molecule as well as presence of halogens.
Answer: Mass Spec
Separates on the basis of charge.
Answer: Cation-Exchange Chromatography
Separates on the basis of polarity.
Answer: Normal-Phase HPLC
Separates on the basis of polarity.
Answer: Flash Chromatography
Separates on the basis of size.
Answer: Size-Exclusion Chromatography
Aka Gel Filration Chromatography.
Separates on the basis of different boiling points (intermolecular interactions).
Answer: Fractional Distillation
Separates on the basis of different boiling points (intermolecular interactions).
Answer: Vacuum Distillation
Determines the presence of functional groups based on the absorbance of their dipole moments.
Answer: IR
Which of the following lab techniques has the following result?: Most nonpolar elutes first, most polar elutes last.
Answer: Flash Chromatography
Since the mobile phase in nearly all polarity chromatographies (except Reverse-Phase) is nonpolar and stationary phase is polar (MN vs SP), nonpolar will always elute first, polar last.
In UV Vis, what type of wave will molecules with a ton of conjugation have a high absorbance of?
Answer: High Wavelengths
UV Vis: More conjugation = Larger wavelengths absorbed = lower energy absorbed, within the range of UV and Visible colors.
What peak on IR corresponds to a triple bond, like C-C or C-N?
Answer: Sharp Peak at 2100-2300
Which of the following lab techniques has the following result?: Most nonpolar elutes first, most polar elutes last.
Answer: Thin-Layer Chromatography
Since the mobile phase in nearly all polarity chromatographies (except Reverse-Phase) is nonpolar and stationary phase is polar (MN vs SP), nonpolar will always elute first, polar last.
Which of the following lab techniques has the following result?: Molecules with the lowest boiling point and lowest number of intermolecular interactions elutes first.
Answer: Simple Distillation
Simple is used for molecules with very different boiling points than each other (difference is greater than 25C).
Molecules with the lowest boiling point and lowest number of intermolecular interactions elutes first.
Answer: Fractional Distillation
Fractional is used for molecules with similar boiling points.
Which of the following lab techniques has the following result?: Most polar elutes first, most nonpolar elutes last.
Answer: Reverse-Phase HPLC
The only polarity chromatography that has the most polar eluting first and nonpolar eluting last. All other polarity chromatographies have most nonpolar eluting first and most polar eluting last.
What peak on IR corresponds to a carbonyl?
Answer: Sharp Peak at 1700-1725
Which of the following lab techniques has the following result?: Most nonpolar elutes first, most polar elutes last.
Answer: Normal-Phase HPLC
Since the mobile phase in nearly all polarity chromatographies (except Reverse-Phase) is nonpolar and stationary phase is polar (MN vs SP), nonpolar will always elute first, polar last.
Which of the following lab techniques has the following result?: Most anionic elutes last, least anionic/most cationic elutes first.
Answer: Anion-Exchange Chromatography
The name of the exchange is what's going held back in the column (eluting last), if it helps memorize the results.
Which of the following lab techniques has the following result?: Molecules with the lowest boiling point and lowest number of intermolecular interactions elutes first.
Answer: Vacuum Distillation
Vacuum is used whenever the molecules in question have very high boiling points that might cause them to decompose.
What peak on IR corresponds to an alcohol?
Answer: Broad Peak at 3200-3600
Which peak in Mass Spec tells us the precense of halogens?
Answer: M+2 Peak
If M+ peak is 3x higher than M+2, Cl is present. If M+ peak is barely higher than M+2, Br is present.
In UV Vis, what type of wave will molecules with little conjugation have a high absorbance of?
Answer: Low Wavelengths
UV Vis: Less conjugation = Smaller wavelengths absorbed = higher energy absorbed, within the range of UV and Visible colors.
What peak on IR corresponds to a secondary amine?
Answer: One Sharp Peak at 3300-3400
Which peak in Mass Spec tells us the mass of the molecule?
Answer: M+ Peak
The M+ peak is the highest absorbance peak on the right side of the graph.
Which of the following lab techniques has the following result?: Most nonpolar elutes first, most polar elutes last.
Answer: Gas Chromatography
Since the mobile phase in nearly all polarity chromatographies (except Reverse-Phase) is nonpolar and stationary phase is polar (MN vs SP), nonpolar will always elute first, polar last.
What peak on IR corresponds to a primary amine?
Answer: Two Sharp Peaks at 3300-3400
Which of the following lab techniques has the following result?: Most cationic elutes last, least cationic/most anionic elutes first.
Answer: Cation-Exchange Chromatography
The name of the exchange is what's going held back in the column (eluting last), if it helps memorize the results.
Which of the following lab techniques has the following result?: Largest molecules elute first, smallest elute last.
Answer: Size-Exclusion Chromatography
Aka Gel Filration Chromatography, large molecules can travel around the beads, smaller have to travel through them and will take longer.
Which of the following lab techniques has the following result?: Most nonpolar elutes first, most polar elutes last.
Answer: Liquid Chromatography
Since the mobile phase in nearly all polarity chromatographies (except Reverse-Phase) is nonpolar and stationary phase is polar (MN vs SP), nonpolar will always elute first, polar last.
Which of the following lab techniques has the following result?: The more deshielded the hydrogen, the higher the chemical shift of the hydrogen (further left).
Answer: H-NMR
Which peak in Mass Spec tells us which fragment is the most abundant?
Answer: Base Peak
The Base peak is often the same as the M+ peak but not always!
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Amine + X --> Amide
Answer: Acid Halide
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Alkyl Halide + X --> Amide
Answer: Pthalamide
Gabrael Malonic Ester Synthesis of amino acids artificially.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: 2 eq Alcohol + X --> Ketal
Answer: Ketone
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Primary Amine + X --> Imine
Answer: Ketone/Aldehyde
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Ammonium Salt + Cyanide Salt + X --> Amide
Answer: Aldehyde
Strecker Synthesis of amino acids artificially.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Acid Halide + X --> Anhydride
Answer: Carboxylic Acid
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Thiol + X --> Thioester
Answer: Carboxylic Acid
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Secondary Amine + X --> Enamine
Answer: Ketone/Aldehyde
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: SoCl2 or PBr3 + X --> Acid Halide
Answer: Carboxylic Acid
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Alcohol + X --> Ester
Answer: Carboxylic Acid
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: R-MgBr + X --> Secondary Alcohol
Answer: Aldehyde
If there's a strong enough base, such as Na or Grignard reagent, this reaction can occur but if there's a weak base such as NaOH it will not.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Alcohol + X --> Ester
Answer: Ester or Carboxylic Acid
Transesterification (changing ester), where the alcohol will replace the -OR group on the original ester.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: DCC + X --> Lactam
Answer: Amino Carboxylic Acid
These reactions are unlikely to show up, mainly just be able to recognize a Lactam.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: 2 eq Alcohol + X --> Acetal
Answer: Aldehyde
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: NaCN + X --> Cyanohydrin
Answer: Ketone/Aldehyde
We can use HCN instead of NaCN to accomplish the same goal.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: DCC + X --> Lactone
Answer: Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid
These reactions are unlikely to show up, mainly just be able to recognize a Lactone.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: PBr3 + Br2 + X --> alpha-Bromo Carboxylic Acid
Answer: Carboxylic Acid
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: R-MgBr + X --> Tertiary Alcohol
Answer: Ketone
Two mechanisms to form this are alpha-substitution and nucleophilic addition-elimination (2-step saponification).
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: 1 eq Alcohol + X --> Hemiacetal
Answer: Aldehyde
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Amine + DCC + X --> Amide
Answer: Carboxylic Acid
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: R-MgBr + X --> Primary Alcohol
Answer: Formaldehyde
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Aldehyde/Ketone + X + Base --> Beta-Hydroxy Carbonyl
Answer: Aldehyde/Ketone
This is the first product of an aldol reaction, called the addition product.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: 1 eq Alcohol + X --> Hemiketal
Answer: Ketone
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Aldehyde/Ketone + Aldehyde/Ketone + X --> Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Carbonyl
Answer: Base + Heat
This is the second/final product of an aldol reaction, called the elimination/condensation product, promoted by heat.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Heat + X --> Ketone + CO2
Answer: Beta-Ketoacid
Decarboxylation, where adding heat to a carboxylic acid in the beta position to a ketone (thus the name beta-ketoacid) causes it to be removed as CO2.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Beta-Ketoacid + X --> Ketone + CO2
Answer: Heat
Decarboxylation, where adding heat to a carboxylic acid in the beta position to a ketone (thus the name beta-ketoacid) causes it to be removed as CO2.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Carboxylic Acid + X --> Thioester
Answer: Thiol
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Carboxylic Acid + X --> Anhydride
Answer: Acid Halide
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Carboxylic Acid + X --> Acid Halide
Answer: SOCl2 or PBr3
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Carboxylic Acid + X --> alpha-Bromo Carboxylic Acid
Answer: PBr3 + Br2
Only adds a bromine onto the alpha carbon instead of forming an acid halide if both PBr3 and Br2 are present. Why? No clue lol.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Formaldehyde + X --> Primary Alcohol
Answer: R-MgBr
Grignard Reaction where the carbonyl is turned into an alcohol and the R group from the Grignard Reagent binds to the original carbonyl carbon.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Ketone + X --> Tertiary Alcohol
Answer: R-MgBr
Grignard Reaction where the carbonyl is turned into an alcohol and the R group from the Grignard Reagent binds to the original carbonyl carbon.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Aldehyde + X --> Secondary Alcohol
Answer: R-MgBr
Grignard Reaction where the carbonyl is turned into an alcohol and the R group from the Grignard Reagent binds to the original carbonyl carbon.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Acid Halide + X --> Amide
Answer: Amine
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Carboxylic Acid + X --> Ester
Answer: Alcohol
Esterification- the formation of an ester. Note that the O in the ester bond belonged to the alcohol, not the carboxylic acid.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: NaBH4 or LiAlH4 + X --> Primary Alcohol
Answer: Aldehyde
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: NaBH4 or LiAlH4 + X --> Amine
Answer: Iminium Ion
The reducing agents can reduce iminium ions into amines.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Carboxylic Acid + X --> Amide
Answer: Amine + DCC
DCC Coupling, used in the synthetic formation of peptide bonds.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: NaBH4 or LiAlH4 + X --> Secondary Alcohol
Answer: Ketone
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: X + Aldehyde --> Carboxylic Acid
Answer: Ag+
Tollen's Test: reduction of Ag+ into Ag(s) which oxidizes the aldehyde into a carboxylic acid.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid + X --> Lactone
Answer: DCC
These reactions are unlikely to show up, mainly just be able to recognize a Lactone.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Amino Carboxylic Acid + X --> Lactam
Answer: DCC
These reactions are unlikely to show up, mainly just be able to recognize a Lactam.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: PCC + X --> Aldehyde
Answer: Primary Alcohol
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Aldehyde + X --> Amino Acid
Answer: Ammonium Salt + Cyanide Salt
Strecker Synthesis of amino acids.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Cr/Mn Oxides + X --> Carboxylic Acid
Answer: Primary Alcohol
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Ester + X --> Different Ester
Answer: Alcohol
Transesterification (changing ester), where the alcohol will replace the -OR group on the original ester.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: LiAlH4 + X --> Primary Alcohol
Answer: Carboxylic Acid
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Pthalamide + X --> Amide
Answer: Alkyl Halide
Gabrael Malonic Ester Synthesis of amino acids artificially.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: PCC or Cr/Mn Oxides + X --> Ketone
Answer: Secondary Alcohol
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Aldehyde/Ketone + X + Base --> Beta-Hydroxy Carbonyl
Answer: Aldehyde/Ketone
This is the first product of an aldol reaction, called the addition product.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Aldehyde + X --> Acetal
Answer: 2 eq Alcohol
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Ketone/Aldehyde + X --> Enamine
Answer: Secondary Amine
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Ketone + X --> Hemiketal
Answer: 1 eq Alcohol
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Primary Alcohol + X --> Carboxylic Acid
Answer: Cr/Mn Oxides
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Ketone/Aldehyde + X --> Imine
Answer: Primary Amine
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Aldehyde/Ketone + X + Base + Heat --> Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Carbonyl
Answer: Aldehyde/Ketone
This is the second/final product of an aldol reaction, called the elimination/condensation product, promoted by heat.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Ketone + X --> Ketal
Answer: 2 eq Alcohol
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: X + Ag+ --> Carboxylic Acid
Answer: Aldehyde
Tollen's Test: reduction of Ag+ into Ag(s) which oxidizes the aldehyde into a carboxylic acid.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Iminium Ion + X --> Amine
Answer: NaBH4 or LiAlH4
The reducing agents can reduce iminium ions into amines.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Aldehyde + X --> Hemiacetal
Answer: 1 eq Alcohol
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Aldehyde + X --> Primary Alcohol
Answer: NaBH4 or LiAlH4
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Ketone + X --> Secondary Alcohol
Answer: NaBH4 or LiAlH4
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Ketone/Aldehyde + X --> Cyanohydrin
Answer: NaCN
We can use HCN instead of NaCN to accomplish the same goal.
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Secondary Alcohol + X --> Ketone
Answer: PCC or Cr/Mn Oxides
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Primary Alcohol + X --> Aldehyde
Answer: PCC
Fill in the missing reaction/reagent for the following reaction: Carboxylic Acid + X --> Primary Alcohol
Answer: LiAlH4
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Primary Alcohol + PCC
Answer: Carbon-Oxygen
PCC Oxidizes Primary Alcohols into Aldehydes (adding in a new C-O bond)
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Fatty Acid + Glycerol
Answer: Carbon-Oxygen
New C-O ester bond forms when Tryglycerides are formed (Fatty Acid + Glycerol).
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Carboxylic Acid + Acid Halide
Answer: Carbon-Oxygen
Halogen leaves as a leaving group, new bond is formed between carboxylic acid oxygen and the acid halide carbon (a new C-O bond)
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Carbonyl + R-MgBr
Answer: Carbon-Carbon
MgBr is the Grignard Reagent that will form a new C-C bond with carbonyl carbons.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Alcohol + Aldehyde
Answer: Carbon-Oxygen
Will form a new C-O between the alcohol oxygen and the carbonyl carbon. Addition of 1 eq of alcohol leads to a hemiacetal, 2 eq of alcohol leads to an acetal.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Secondary Alcohol + PCC
Answer: Carbon-Oxygen
PCC Oxidizes Secondary Alcohols into Ketones (adding in a new C-O bond)
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Alcohol + Ketone
Answer: Carbon-Oxygen
Will form a new C-O between the alcohol oxygen and the carbonyl carbon. Addition of 1 eq of alcohol leads to a hemiketal, 2 eq of alcohol leads to an ketal.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Carboxylic Acid + LiAlH4
Answer: Carbon-Hydrogen
Reduction of a carboxylic acid into a primary alcohol, forming a new C-H bond.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Ketone/Aldehyde + Primary Amine
Answer: Carbon-Nitrogen
Forms an Imine, which is a new C-N bond (specifically C=N bond).
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Secondary Alcohol + Chromium/Manganese Oxides
Answer: Carbon-Oxygen
Cr/Mn Oxides are very strong oxidizing agents that will fully oxidize (add C-O bonds) carbons where possible, turning primary alcohols into carboxylic acids and secondary into ketones.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Ketone + NaBH4
Answer: Carbon-Hydrogen
Reduction of a ketone into a secondary alcohol, forming a new C-H bond.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Aldehyde + LiAlH4
Answer: Carbon-Hydrogen
Reduction of an aldehyde into a primary alcohol, forming a new C-H bond.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Carboxylic Acid + SoCl2 or PBr3
Answer: Carbon-Halogen
Forms a new Carbon-Halogen bond between the carbonyl carbon and the halogen (an acid halide is formed).
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Aldehyde + NaBH4
Answer: Carbon-Hydrogen
Reduction of an aldehyde into a primary alcohol, forming a new C-H bond.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Acid Halide + Amine
Answer: Carbon-Nitrogen
Forms an Amide, which has a new C-N at the carbonyl carbon.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Carboxylic Acid + Br2 + PBr3
Answer: Carbon-Halogen
Forms a new C-Br bond at the alpha-carbon of the carboxylic acid.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Ketone + LiAlH4
Answer: Carbon-Hydrogen
Reduction of a ketone into a secondary alcohol, forming a new C-H bond.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Amino Acid + Amino Acid
Answer: Carbon-Nitrogen
Forms a new C-N bond between amino acids (an amide bond called the peptide bond).
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide
Answer: Carbon-Oxygen
Glycosidic Bond Formation, where two sugars are linked by forming a new C-O bond (specifically in a C-O-C ether bond).
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Ketone/Aldehyde + Ketone/Aldehyde
Answer: Carbon-Carbon
This would be an Aldol reaction, which forms a new bond between the alpha carbon of one carbonyl with the carbonyl carbon of the other.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Carboxylic Acid/Acid Halide + Alcohol
Answer: Carbon-Oxygen
Esterification, where the alcohol oxygen will form a new bond with the carbonyl carbon (a new C-O bond) forming an ester.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Aldehyde + Ag+
Answer: Carbon-Oxygen
Tollen's Test, where cationic silver is added to a sugar to see if the sugar will reduce Ag+ into Ag(s), which will oxidize the aldehyde into a carboxylic acid.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Ketone/Aldehyde + Secondary Amine
Answer: Carbon-Nitrogen
Forms an enamine, which has a new C-N bond.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Carboxylic Acid + Amine + DCC
Answer: Carbon-Nitrogen
Forms an Amide, which has a new C-N at the carbonyl carbon.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Carboxylic Acid + Thiol
Answer: Carbon-Sulfur
Forms a new C-S bond between the carbonyl carbon and the thiol sulfur, making a Thioester.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Primary Alcohol + Chromium/Manganese Oxides
Answer: Carbon-Oxygen
Cr/Mn Oxides are very strong oxidizing agents that will fully oxidize (add C-O bonds) carbons where possible, turning primary alcohols into carboxylic acids and secondary into ketones.
What new bond to the carbon chain is formed in the following reaction?: Ketone/Aldehyde + CN
Answer: Carbon-Carbon
Ketone/Aldehyde + HCN/NaCN forms a Cyanohydrin, new C-C bond at Carbonyl Carbon
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Carboxylic Acid + SOCl2 or PBr3
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/e00f8f30c_Acid%20Halide.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Carboxylic Acid + Acid Halide
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/e7f3d26f5_Anhydride.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Aldehyde + 2 eq Alcohol
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/bd5da4e25_Acetal.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Ketone/Aldehyde + NaCN
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/ca4c36cc9_Cyanohydrin.png
We can use HCN instead of NaCN to accomplish the same goal.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Carboxylic Acid + Thiol
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/26303ad08_Amide.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/07e18ed39_Ester.png
Esterification- the formation of an ester. Note that the O in the ester bond belonged to the alcohol, not the carboxylic acid.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Carboxylic Acid Derivative + Acid + H2O
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/a15f65e3a_Ketone.png
Any of the derivatives (acid halides, anhydrides, amides, etc.) can be turned back into a carboxylic acid by adding acid and water to them.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Aldehyde/Ketone + Primary Amine
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/ae837c92a_Imine.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Aldehyde/Ketone + Aldehyde/Ketone + Base + Heat
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/2c4f0c05a_Alpha%2CBeta-Unsaturated%20Carbonyl.png
This is the second/final product of an aldol reaction, called the elimination/condensation product, promoted by heat.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Ester + Alcohol
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/e0e5a4a98_Primary%20Alcohol.png
Transesterification (changing ester), where the alcohol will replace the -OR group on the original ester.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Aldehyde/Ketone + Aldehyde/Ketone + Base
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/e77fcc99e_Beta-Hydroxy%20Carbonyl.png
This is the first product of an aldol reaction, called the addition product.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Aldehyde + 1 eq Alcohol
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/f74fe577b_Hemiacetal.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: DCC + Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/fddc0ba0c_Geminal%20Diol.png
These reactions are unlikely to show up, mainly just be able to recognize a Lactone.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Hemiketal + Alcohol
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/1af4f8ca8_Ketal.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Acid Halide + Amine
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/4cdf1ace8_Thioester.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Formaldehyde + R-MgBr
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/d50b8074b_Carboxylic%20Acid.png
Grignard Reaction where the carbonyl is turned into an alcohol and the R group from the Grignard Reagent binds to the original carbonyl carbon.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Ketone + 2 eq Alcohol
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/1af4f8ca8_Ketal.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Ketone + R-MgBr
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/daa61745e_Secondary%20Alcohol.png
Grignard Reaction where the carbonyl is turned into an alcohol and the R group from the Grignard Reagent binds to the original carbonyl carbon.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: DCC + Amino Carboxylic Acid
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/07e18ed39_Ester.png
These reactions are unlikely to show up, mainly just be able to recognize a Lactam.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Aldehyde + R-MgBr
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/df33a6d01_Aldehyde.png
Grignard Reaction where the carbonyl is turned into an alcohol and the R group from the Grignard Reagent binds to the original carbonyl carbon.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Aldehyde/Ketone + Secondary Amine
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/d5e08c86a_Enamine.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Hemiacetal + Alcohol
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/bd5da4e25_Acetal.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Carboxylic Acid + Amine + DCC
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/a02802db8_Lactone.png
DCC Coupling, used in the synthetic formation of peptide bonds.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Aldehyde + Ag+
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/d50b8074b_Carboxylic%20Acid.png
Tollen's Test: reduction of Ag+ into Ag(s) which oxidizes the aldehyde into a carboxylic acid.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Aldehyde + NaBH4
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/e0e5a4a98_Primary%20Alcohol.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Primary Alcohol + PCC
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/df33a6d01_Aldehyde.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Iminium ion + NaBH4/LiAlH4
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/f0f6c3aec_Primary%20Amine.png
The reducing agents can reduce iminium ions into amines.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Ketone + LiAlH4
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/daa61745e_Secondary%20Alcohol.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Secondary Alcohol + PCC
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/a15f65e3a_Ketone.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Tertiary Alcohol + PCC
Answer: Nothing
Tertiary Alcohols don't have a Hydrogen that can be removed for the oxidation.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Primary Alcohol + Cr/Mn Oxides
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/d50b8074b_Carboxylic%20Acid.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Ketone/Aldehyde + Acid, Base, or Water
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/fddc0ba0c_Geminal%20Diol.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Ketone + 1 eq Alcohol
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/8e5d3116b_Hemiketal.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Ketone + NaBH4
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/daa61745e_Secondary%20Alcohol.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Carboxylic Acid + LiAlH4
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/e0e5a4a98_Primary%20Alcohol.png
LiAlH4 is stronger than NaBH4 and can reduce carboxylic acids to alcohols.
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Secondary Alcohol + Cr/Mn Oxides
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/a15f65e3a_Ketone.png
Given the following reaction, what functional group would be found in the products?: Aldehyde + LiAlH4
Answer: https://qtrypzzcjebvfcihiynt.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/base44-prod/public/6914dd3b63a9f7b967491eba/e0e5a4a98_Primary%20Alcohol.png
Carboxylic Acid + LiAlH4
Answer: Primary Alcohol
LiAlH4 is stronger than NaBH4 and can reduce carboxylic acids to alcohols.
Aldehyde + 2 eq Alcohol
Answer: Acetal
Carboxylic Acid + SOCl2 or PBr3
Answer: Acid Halide
This is the first product of an aldol reaction, called the addition product.
Carboxylic Acid Derivative + Acid + H2O
Answer: Carboxylic Acid
In acidic aqueous conditions, carboxylic acid derivatives undergo acid-catalyzed hydrolysis via nucleophilic acyl substitution, producing a carboxylic acid. Protonation of the carbonyl increases electrophilicity, allowing water to act as the nucleophile.
Secondary Alcohol + Cr/Mn Oxides
Answer: Ketone
Acid Halide + Amine
Answer: Amide
Secondary Alcohol + PCC
Answer: Ketone
Aldehyde + Ag+
Answer: Carboxylic Acid
Tollen's Test: reduction of Ag+ into Ag(s) which oxidizes the aldehyde into a carboxylic acid.
Carboxylic Acid + NaBH4
Answer: Nothing
NaBH4 is not a strong enough reducing agent to react with carboxylic acids.
Iminium ion + NaBH4/LiAlH4
Answer: Amine
The reducing agents can reduce iminium ions into amines.
Aldehyde + 1 eq Alcohol
Answer: Hemiacetal
Carboxylic Acid + Amine + DCC
Answer: Amide
Carboxylic Acid + PBr3 + Br2
Answer: alpha-Bromo Carboxylic Acid
Two mechanisms to form this are alpha-substitution and nucleophilic addition-elimination (2-step saponification).
Tertiary Alcohol + PCC
Answer: Nothing
Tertiary Alcohols don't have a Hydrogen that can be removed for the oxidation.
Triacylglycerol + 3 eq Base
Answer: 3 Fatty Acid released as Fatty Acid Salts
Hemiacetal + Alcohol
Answer: Acetal
Ketone/Aldehyde + Acid, Base, or Water
Answer: Geminal Diol
Carboxylic Acid + Thiol
Answer: Thioester
Tertiary Alcohol + Cr/Mn Oxides
Answer: Nothing
Tertiary Alcohols don't have a Hydrogen that can be removed for the oxidation.
Aldehyde/Ketone + Secondary Amine
Answer: Enamine
Aldehyde/Ketone + Aldehyde/Ketone + Base + Heat
Answer: Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Carbonyl
Primary Alcohol + PCC
Answer: Aldehyde
Ketone + R-MgBr
Answer: Tertiary Alcohol
Hemiketal + Alcohol
Answer: Ketal
Ketal groups can either be formed by adding 2eq of alcohol to a ketone, or 1eq of alcohol to a hemiketal. Both are acceptable ways of forming a ketal.
Aldehyde/Ketone + Primary Amine
Answer: Imine
DCC + Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid
Answer: Lactone
If there's a strong enough base, such as Na or Grignard reagent, this reaction can occur but if there's a weak base such as NaOH it will not.
Beta-Ketoacid + Heat
Answer: Ketone + CO2
Decarboxylation, where adding heat to a carboxylic acid in the beta position to a ketone (thus the name beta-ketoacid) causes the carboxylic acid to be removed as CO2.
Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol
Answer: Ester
Aldehyde/Ketone + Aldehyde/Ketone + Base
Answer: Beta-Hydroxy Carbonyl
Aldehyde + NaBH4
Answer: Primary Alcohol
Ketone + 2 eq Alcohol
Answer: Ketal
Pthalamide + Alkyl Halide
Answer: Amino Acid
Aldehyde + LiAlH4
Answer: Primary Alcohol
Ketone + NaBH4
Answer: Secondary Alcohol
Carboxylic Acid + Acid Halide
Answer: Anhydride
This is the second/final product of an aldol reaction, called the elimination/condensation product, promoted by heat.
Ketone + LiAlH4
Answer: Secondary Alcohol
(Picture 10)
Ketone + 1 eq Alcohol
Answer: Hemiketal
Ketone/Aldehyde + NaCN
Answer: Cyanohydrin
Ester + Alcohol
Answer: New Ester
DCC + Amino Carboxylic Acid
Answer: Lactam
Two mechanisms to form this are alpha-substitution and nucleophilic addition-elimination (2-step saponification).
Formaldehyde + R-MgBr
Answer: Primary Alcohol
Aldehyde + R-MgBr
Answer: Secondary Alcohol
Triacylglycerol + 1 eq Base
Answer: 1 Fatty Acid released as a Fatty Acid Salt
Triacylglycerol + 2 eq Base
Answer: 2 Fatty Acids released as Fatty Acid Salts
Aldehyde + Ammonium Salt + Cyanide Salt
Answer: Amino Acid
What set of reactants produced the following product?: 3 Fatty Acid released as Fatty Acid Salts
Answer: Triacylglycerol + 3 eq Base
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Secondary Alcohol
Answer: Aldehyde + R-MgBr
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Amino Acid
Answer: Pthalamide + Alkyl Halide
What set of reactants produced the following product?: 1 Fatty Acid released as a Fatty Acid Salt
Answer: Triacylglycerol + 1 eq Base
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Amino Acid
Answer: Aldehyde + Ammonium Salt + Cyanide Salt
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Lactone
Answer: DCC + Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Lactam
Answer: DCC + Amino Carboxylic Acid
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Primary Alcohol
Answer: Formaldehyde + R-MgBr
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Carboxylic Acid
Answer: Carboxylic Acid Derivative + Acid + H2O
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Tertiary Alcohol
Answer: Ketone + R-MgBr
What set of reactants produced the following product?: New Ester
Answer: Ester + Alcohol
What set of reactants produced the following product?: 2 Fatty Acids released as Fatty Acid Salts
Answer: Triacylglycerol + 2 eq Base
What set of reactants produced the following product?: alpha-Bromo Carboxylic Acid
Answer: Carboxylic Acid + PBr3 + Br2
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Primary Alcohol
Answer: Formaldehyde + R-MgBr
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Acetal
Answer: Aldehyde + 2 eq Alcohol, Hemiacetal + 1 eq Alcohol
Acetals can be formed either by adding 1eq of alcohol to a hemiacetal or by adding 2eq of alcohol to an aldehyde.
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Hemiacetal
Answer: Aldehyde + 1 eq Alcohol
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Primary Alcohol
Answer: Formaldehyde + R-MgBr
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Anhydride
Answer: Carboxylic Acid + Acid Halide
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Amine
Answer: Iminium ion + NaBH4/LiAlH4
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Primary Alcohol
Answer: Formaldehyde + R-MgBr
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Nothing
Answer: Carboxylic Acid + NaBH4
NaBH4 is not a strong enough reducing agent to reduce carboxylic acids. It can only reduce ketones and aldehydes into secondary and primary alcohols, respectively.
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Ketone + CO2
Answer: Beta-Ketoacid + Heat
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Ester
Answer: Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Thioester
Answer: Carboxylic Acid + Thiol
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Nothing
Answer: Carboxylic Acid + NaBH4
NaBH4 is not a strong enough reducing agent to reduce carboxylic acids. It can only reduce ketones and aldehydes into secondary and primary alcohols, respectively.
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Secondary Alcohol
Answer: Ketone + NaBH4
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Enamine
Answer: Aldehyde/Ketone + Secondary Amine
Secondary Amines cannot form Imines, only Enamines.
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Carbonyl
Answer: Aldehyde/Ketone + Aldehyde/Ketone + Base + Heat
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Hemiketal
Answer: Ketone + 1 eq Alcohol
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Imine
Answer: Aldehyde/Ketone + Primary Amine
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Acid Halide
Answer: Carboxylic Acid + SOCl2 or PBr3
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Secondary Alcohol
Answer: Ketone + LiAlH4
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Ketal
Answer: Hemiketal + Alcohol, Ketone + 2 eq Alcohol
Ketals can be formed either by adding 1eq of alcohol to a hemiketal or by adding 2eq of alcohol to a ketone.
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Amide
Answer: Acid Halide + Amine
Aldehyde + NaBH₄ → Primary alcohol A ketone treated with NaBH₄ would instead give a secondary alcohol. Aldehyde/ketone + aldehyde/ketone + base → Aldol reaction (forms new bond between alpha and beta carbons) Aldehyde/ketone + secondary amine → Enamine
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Geminal Diol
Answer: Ketone/Aldehyde + Acid, Base, or Water
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Cyanohydrin
Answer: Ketone/Aldehyde + NaCN
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Amide
Answer: Acid Halide + Amine
Aldehyde + NaBH₄ → Primary alcohol A ketone treated with NaBH₄ would instead give a secondary alcohol. Aldehyde/ketone + aldehyde/ketone + base → Aldol reaction (forms new bond between alpha and beta carbons) Aldehyde/ketone + secondary amine → Enamine
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Carboxylic Acid
Answer: Aldehyde + Ag+
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Beta-Hydroxy Carbonyl
Answer: Aldehyde/Ketone + Aldehyde/Ketone + Base
What set of reactants produced the following product? (Select multiple if necessary): Ketone
Answer: Secondary Alcohol + PCC, Secondary Alcohol + Cr/Mn Oxides
Both PCC and Oxides can be used to form Ketones from Secondary Alcohols.
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Nothing
Answer: Carboxylic Acid + NaBH4
NaBH4 is not a strong enough reducing agent to reduce carboxylic acids. It can only reduce ketones and aldehydes into secondary and primary alcohols, respectively.
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Aldehyde
Answer: Primary Alcohol + PCC
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Ketone
Answer: Secondary Alcohol + Cr/Mn Oxides
Secondary Alcohols can only be oxidized into ketones. This is done by either PCC or Oxides. Primary alcohols cannot be oxidized into ketones. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all due to not having any C-H bonds that can be deprotonated for the oxidation.
What set of reactants produced the following product?: Carboxylic Acid
Answer: Primary Alcohol + Cr/Mn Oxides
Enol
Answer: Enol
Ether
Answer: Ether
ethers have oxygens "on ether (like either) side"
Ketal
Answer: Ketal
Isoprene
Answer: Isoprene
Hemiacetal
Answer: Hemiacetal
Acid Halide
Answer: Acid Halide
Imine
Answer: Imine
"Imine" has two of the letter "i", which can help you remember that it is a double bond between the C and N.
Beta-Hydroxy Carbonyl
Answer: Beta-Hydroxy Carbonyl
Tertiary Amine
Answer: Tertiary Amine
Amines are classified based on how many carbons are attached to the Nitrogen. 3 = Tertiary.
Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Carbonyl
Answer: Alpha,Beta-Unsaturated Carbonyl
Acyl
Answer: Acyl
Just a carbonyl with an R group attached
Carboxylic Acid
Answer: Carboxylic Acid
Cyanohydrin
Answer: Cyanohydrin
Thioester
Answer: Thioester
Thio = sulfur is present, so it's just an Ester but with a sulfur instead of oxygen.
Lactone
Answer: Lactone
Acetal
Answer: Acetal
Pyran
Answer: Pyran
Ketone
Answer: Ketone
Anhydride
Answer: Anhydride
Iminium Ion
Answer: Iminium Ion
Quinone
Answer: Quinone
The ending "-one" is a ketone.
Primary Amine
Answer: Amine
Amines are classified based on how many carbons are attached to the Nitrogen. 1 = Primary.
Enamine
Answer: Enamine
"Enamine" only has one letter "i" which might help make it easier to remember that the C-N bond is a single bond, where as in imines it is a double bond.
Amide
Answer: Amide
Lactam
Answer: Lactam
Ester
Answer: Ester
It's an ether but one of the carbons is a carbonyl.
Thiol
Answer: Thiol
Secondary Amine
Answer: Secondary Amine
Amines are classified based on how many carbons are attached to the Nitrogen. 2 = Secondary.
Alkyl Halide
Answer: Alkyl Halide
Pyrrole
Answer: Pyrrole
Quinol
Answer: Quinol
The ending "-ol" is an alcohol.
Aldehyde
Answer: Aldehyde
Thioether
Answer: Thioether
Notice it's just an ether with a sulfur instead of oxygen.
Hemiketal
Answer: Hemiketal
Nitrile (Cyano)
Answer: Nitrile
Indole
Answer: Indole
Imidazole
Answer: Imidazole
Furan
Answer: Furan
Furan = Five (both start with F), referring to the fact that it's a 5 membered ring (with an oxygen).
Porphyrin
Answer: Porphyrin
Thiophene
Answer: Thiophene
Geminal Diol
Answer: Geminal Diol
Alkane
Answer: Alkane
Secondary Alcohol
Answer: Secondary Alcohol
Alcohols are named for the number of carbons that are attached to the alcoholic carbon, not the oxygen. Primary = 1 carbon, Secondary = 2 carbons, Tertiary = 3 carbons.
Alkene
Answer: Alkene
Cycloalkene
Answer: Cycloalkene
Cycloalkane
Answer: Cycloalkane
Tert-Butyl
Answer: Tert-Butyl
Easy way to memorize: Butyl = 4, so the substituent will have 4 carbons in it. Iso = 1 carbon sticking off the first carbon in the substituent, Sec = 2 carbons sticking off the first carbon, Tert = 3 carbons.
Alkyne
Answer: Alkyne
Isobutyl
Answer: Isobutyl
Easy way to memorize: Butyl = 4, so the substituent will have 4 carbons in it. Iso = 1 carbon sticking off the first carbon in the substituent, Sec = 2 carbons sticking off the first carbon, Tert = 3 carbons.
Benzene
Answer: Benzene
Sec-Butyl
Answer: Sec-Butyl
Easy way to memorize: Butyl = 4, so the substituent will have 4 carbons in it. Iso = 1 carbon sticking off the first carbon in the substituent, Sec = 2 carbons sticking off the first carbon, Tert = 3 carbons.
Tertiary Alcohol
Answer: Tertiary Alcohol
Alcohols are named for the number of carbons that are attached to the alcoholic carbon, not the oxygen. Primary = 1 carbon, Secondary = 2 carbons, Tertiary = 3 carbons.
Phenol
Answer: Phenol
Cycloalkyne
Answer: Cycloalkyne
Vicinal Diol
Answer: Vicinal Diol
Primary Alcohol
Answer: Alcohol
Alcohols are named for the number of carbons that are attached to the alcoholic carbon, not the oxygen. Primary = 1 carbon, Secondary = 2 carbons, Tertiary = 3 carbons.
Isopropyl
Answer: Isopropyl